Influences of Colour on Perception

Influences of Colour on Perception Introduction The great mystery of colour has mesmerised humanity since time immemorial. For every second of the day we are enveloped by a seemingly infinite range of hues which oscillate through morning, noon and night. This incessant interaction with colour has manifested itself in some of the finest examples of artistic expression, such as Wordsworth’s ‘Daffodils’ and Van Gough’s ‘Sunflowers.’ From the cave paintings of pre-history to the conspicuous advertising hoardings of the modern era; all of the great civilisations have been infatuated by colour. In recent years both academics and functionaries within the commercial domain have become increasingly interested in how human beings are influenced by colours. Much advancement has been made in the fields of colour psychology and colour marketing. It would certainly appear that colour has a profound effect upon the human psyche. As Diane Ackerman has noted ‘Colour doesn’t occur in the world but in the mind.’[1] Colour and Perception According to the Oxford Dictionary colour is defined as ‘the sensation produced on the eye by rays of light when resolved as by a prism, selective reflection, etc., into different wavelengths.’[2] It was Sir Isaac Newton who discovered this phenomenon by focusing a ray of white light upon a prism and creating a spectrum. His findings are illustrated in his 1704 work entitled ‘The Opticks.’ Each colour has a unique frequency and wavelength, and all comprise the segment of the electromagnetic spectrum which is visible to the human eye. Specific objects both reflect and absorb particular wavelengths of radiation. The reason that plants appear to be ‘green’ is because they absorb all colours in the electromagnetic spectrum with the exception of green.[3] The green light is reflected by the plant and can consequently be detected by the human eye. All ‘coloured’ objects surrounding us are in fact reflecting ‘their’ colour towards us. The complex process of colour identification and differentiation is initiated by the ‘cone’ cells of the retina which can detect blue, red and green light.[4] This information is then transmitted to the optic nerve and onwards to the brain. Some scientists insist that blue, red and green are the true primary colours and that all colours are merely combinations of the three. However, many dispute this and argue that yellow is a primary colour. Aristotle and Goethe classified yellow as a primary colour and noted how it is the first to materialise from white light.[5] The ‘pure’ quality of yellow is evident and it exhibits the highest reflectivity of all the colours.[6] Yellow is also a ‘warm’ colour of long wavelength and the retina must enlarge convexly in order to focus objects of this hue. A bright yellow banana will seem larger and closer to the spectator than an object reflecting a cool shade of blue or green from equal distance.[6] Yellow is truly a highly prominent component of the electromagnetic spectrum. The puissance of this colour is evident in its outstanding ability to attract the eye and it is commonly deployed for promotional purposes in the commercial sector. As E P Danger has stated it is an ‘excellent attention getter.’[7] Yellow is synonymous with the warmth, energy and vitality of the sun, and the theme of ‘hope’ is evoked as it represented the first light of dawn to peoples of pre-history.[8] It is the hue of science, expansion, alacrity and swift decision making.[9] The emotional impact of yellow was observed by Diane Ackerman whilst observing a brilliant piece of yellow sulphur. She described an overwhelming ‘rush’ of pleasure and excitement.1[0] June McLeod noticed that ‘we can sometimes lose our identity and focus with too much yellow.1[1] Students of colour psychology are familiar with the link between this colour and the emotional chakrah of the solar plexus.1[2] Particular shades of yellow can have a detrimental impact upon the viewer. Negative concepts of disease, jaundice and decay have so often been associated with it. The notorious ‘yellow-press’ and yellow of the coward conjure up less palatable images.1[3] These factors, which have been ingrained into the collective consciousness of the human race, must be carefully considered and borne in mind by those wishing to utilise the colour yellow for academic and commercial purposes. The Use of Yellow Paper for Academic Purposes The increased use of dyes in the paper production process of the late eighteenth century, and subsequent developments in the industry, have provided the medium of coloured paper.1[4] On a rudimentary level, coloured paper may be deployed by academic institutions for classification purposes. The Scottish Examination Board issue a different colour of exam paper for each respective subject. E P Danger has stated that yellow is ‘one of the best of all colours for paper because of its high visibility.’1[5] He also notes how ‘it is said to stimulate the intellect and for that reason is often used in libraries.’1[6] Librarians often choose to index by affixing yellow tags on the spine of books. This allows prompt recognition for those searching for a specific text. Card index files and ‘post-it notes’ are also frequently provided in this colour. Strong shades of yellow can prove effective for presentational purposes in both the lecture theatre and the classroom. The subliminal effects of yellow paper can clearly have a positive effect on those engaged within the realms of academia. June McLeod recognises yellow as the colour of ‘mental energy’ and highlights how typing or writing on to yellow paper will keep you alert and focused on the job at hand.’1[7] Dee and Taylor have decreed that yellow is the colour of ‘those who must concentrate.’1[8] Yellow paper is also less stark than white paper and thus more conducive to study. Much research has been conducted using ‘colour cards.’ It has been discovered that humans ‘sense’ colour through the skin. Suzy Chiazzari has explained how ‘many blind people can differentiate colours by passing their fingers or hands over an object.’1[9] Yellow paper can be readily deployed by academics and colour therapists alike in order to harness the properties of this specific colour. Yellow Paper and Advertising The vibrant world of advertising and marketing draws considerably upon the profound qualities of the colour yellow. The prominent hue of the ‘Yellow Pages’ directory is instantly discernable, internationally recognised, and affords prompt access to a vast array of service providers. The presentation of black type upon yellow pages focuses the mind excellently and provides high visibility.2[0] The reader may deploy ‘skimming’ skills and be less likely to overlook the desired information. Many phone directories and publications have now emulated the success of the ‘Yellow Pages’ when exhibiting classfied sections. Yellow paper is commonly the medium of flyers, which are distributed freely in urban areas, and for posters in public places. It can swiftly transmit a specific message to the target audience. The importance of colour in advertising is of paramount importance and can transmit powerful messages via company logo, stationery, packaging and design.2[1] Yellow is favoured by the travel and leisure industries with its promise of sunshine. The cover of the current Tropical Locations travel brochure is a dazzling shade of rich yellow. Low budget travel operators and airlines make liberal use of yellow in their advertising campaigns as they strive to coax potential clients with notions of instant Mediterranean climes. The ‘holiday’ concept has been masterfully exploited by the Kodak photographic company for many years now and ‘Kodak yellow’ has become almost synonymous with sun, sea and sand. Food promotion shares a close relationship with yellow in most cultures2[2] as the colour has an appetising effect upon consumers.2[3] Products such as cheese and butter are usually marketed and packaged in this hue. The recent Cadbury’s Twirl product was successfully promoted with yellow lettering emblazoned upon a violet background. This is interesting as violet is the complimentary colour to yellow on the Colour Wheel.2[4] Products which are promoted using yellow frequently utilise shades of blue and violet to harmonise visual appeal. A rich yellow implies a strong taste and more golden shades represent quality. The world famous MacDonald’s logo with its large yellow ‘arches’ embodies the concept of ‘fast food.’ Yellow paper is used for the labelling and promotion of soft drinks. A paler shade signifies a lemon or milder taste.2[5] However, the use of a stronger yellow to promote Lucozade epitomises the concept of ‘energy’ excellently. Alcoholic beverages such as Tennents Lager and Boddington’s Ale utilise yellow for marketing purposes. This is extremely effective as it symbolises the very appearance of the product. Cardboard packaging and place mats may be eye-catching, but also serve to kindle images of the drink in the mind, as well as whet consumer appetite. Products targeted at younger people are generally advertised using yellow. It has been discovered that children like yellow and teenagers respond positively to the colour.2[6] Children’s wear and cosmetics are often advertised using yellow. This colour is associated with newness, youth and optimism.2[6] This may be why the ‘Job Centre’ in the United Kingdom has recently been conducting its employment campaign in the colours of yellow and green, which combined, are symbolic of spring-time and new beginnings. Conclusion Danger has emphasised that colour ‘motivates people in a way that is largely subconscious’ and that it is extremely difficult to discern ‘where physical, visual processes end and mental processes begin.’2[7] Ackerman has also commented that ‘scientists have known for many years that certain colours trigger an emotional response in people.’[28] The development of the ‘Colour Effects System’ since the 1970s highlights that there is a definite correlation between colour and human response to colour. It is generally accepted that yellow provides the most powerful psychological stimulus. It is for this reason that it has been utilised by academics and advertisers for a wide variety of purposes. When one considers the high incidence of yellow paper within academic institutions and the commercial sector it clearly has a profound influence. The overwhelming amount of logos, promotional literature and products which have harnessed the colour is truly astounding. It is even more intriguing that we are often not even consciously aware of its potent subliminal messages. The mysterious appeal of the colour yellow ensures that yellow paper shall continue to be produced and utilised for academic and promotional purposes for many years to come. Bibliography ACKERMAN, D. A Natural History of the Senses, Phoenix, 2000  Pages: 252-256 CHIAZZARI, S. The Complete Book of Colour, Element, 1998  Pages: 12-18 DANGER, E P. The Colour Handbook, How to use colour in commerce and industry, Gower Technical Press, 1987.  Pages: 54, 56, 60, 61, 329, 378, 572, 573, 575-577, 580, 582, 585, 586. DEE, J. TAYLOR, L. Colour Therapy, The symbolism, use and healing effects of colour, Silverdale, 2002.  Pages: 8, 59 GREGORY, R L. Eye and Brain, The psychology of seeing, Oxford University Press, fifth edition, 1998.  Pages 124-126 JONES, M. JONES, G. MARCHINGTON, P. Physics, Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, 1997.  Pages: 138-140 MCLEOD, J. Colours of the Soul, Piatkus, 2000  Pages: 131, 132, 136, 145-158. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PAPER MERCHANTS. EDUCATION COMMITTEE, Paper, its making, merchanting and usage, Longman, third edition, 1974.  Pages 5, 7. WRIGHT, A. The Beginners Guide to Colour Psychology, Kyle Cathie Limited, 1998.  Pages: 17, 21, 27, 81, 149, 150, 154. The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1990.  Page: 223 Footnotes [1] D Ackerman, A Natural History of the Senses, Phoenix, 2000) 254 [2] The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1990) 223 [3] M Jones, G Jones, P Marchington, Physics, Cambridge University Press, 1997) 139 [4] M Jones, G Jones, P Marchington) 140 [5] A Wright, The Beginner’s Guide to colour Psychology, Kyle Cathie, 1998) 17 [6] J Dee, L Taylor , Colour Therapy: The Symbolism, Use and Healing Effects of colour, Silverdale) 2002 [6] EP Danger, The Colour Handbook: How to Use Colour in Commerce and Industry, Gower, 1987) 56 [7] EP Danger) 573 [8] EP Danger) 586 [9] J Dee, L Taylor) 59 [0] 10 D Ackerman) 254 [1] 1 J McLeod, Colours of the Soul, Piatkus, 2000) 136 [2] 12 A Wright) 27 [3] 13 E P Danger) 585 [4] 14 National Association of Paper Merchants, Paper, its making, merchanting and usage, Longman, 1974) 5 [5] 15 E P Danger) 585 [6] 16 E P Danger) 572 [7] 17 J McLeod) 136 [8] 18 J Dee, L Taylor) 59 [9] 19 S Chiazzari, The Complete Book of Colour, Element books Limited, 1998) 15 [0] 20 E P Danger) 582 [1] 21 J McLeod) 131 [2] 2 E P Danger) 575 [3] 23 E P Danger) 329 [4] 24 A Wright) 149 [5] 25 E P Danger) 576 [6] 26 E P Danger) 573 [6] 26 A Wright) 150 [7] 27 E P Danger) 56 [28] D Ackerman) 254

The Way the Internet Has Changed Business Operate in the Global Market

The way the Internet has changed businesses operate in the global market Nowadays more and more people use the Internet in their everyday life and we can clearly see the progress of businesses. The Internet has changed the ways businesses operate in the global market. The long-distance communications become possible with the help of progressing technology. It helps businesses to develop and to operate in better and more productive way.The Scientific and Technical progress enable people to discover great opportunities. The Internet, personal computers, laptops and other different up-to date devices and programs replace the more old-fashion ways of managing with different tasks. Moreover, people can be always well-informed. You can enter the Internet in any time and any place, even with your telephone, in order to keep track of events and to be always ready to manage with new tasks. So, the Internet is moving and gives us more opportunities. Also you can read  Business Ethics ComprisesVideo conversation, Skype, E-mails, instant messengers and different conference calling help us to organize meetings, to discuss different perspectives and problems in a wide circle of participants. Through the network people can create better working atmosphere than in the office. More and more people start to make money through the Internet. They prefer working from home rather than in the office. As the result, they have better productivity and self-realization. In the same time that modern technologies has no boundaries.The Internet joins people all over the world. It became possible for people and teams from the great distance to communicate and to do their businesses through the virtual world in any time and place. Furthermore, the last and probably the greatest change are marketing. People can sell and buy different things through the Internet. You are also able to pay for everything through the Internet. It makes life easier and b etter, because you can do everything from your place: to order, to pay and then to get everything.There are a lot of different on-line services, courses and schools as well. In conclusion, the Internet within the latest technologies allows a great number of different services and offers in order to improve and to simplify all human needs. Up to that point, the users enjoy the ways that the Internet has changed. On one side, it simplifies life of commoners and the owners of big businesses. On the other side, it makes good money and in this case it increases profits and wages.

Majority Rule In The Bahamas

59 Novembers ago three men came together and form the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP). They were Henry Milton Taylor, William. W. Cartwright, Cyril St. John Stevenson. They began meeting regularly discussing the pros and cons. They invited 7 men to join them but only 6 accepted the invitation. Henry Taylor was the Chairman, William was the treasurer and Cyril became the secretary. The party progressed in Nassau and decided to include the outer islands. When sir. Lynden Piddling came home from law school he joined the PLP party and that was the beginning of the road to majority rule.Sir Lynden Pindling, Randol Fawkes, Auther Hanna, Sir. Milo Butler Sr, Clarence Bain, Samuel Isaacs, and many other women and men planned and strategized to free there people from colonize. At that time racial segregation was a way of life in The Bahamas. The ‘blacks’ were referred to as coloured people. They were schools were coloured children were not allowed to enter. They were places like hotels, shops, and restaurants were colour people were not allowed to dine. There were also churches where coloured people were not allowed to sit in the same pews as the whites.In January 1954 the PLP held its first public meeting. In 1956 there was the first election. The Bay Street Boys started to get scared that they were going to lose so they called the U. S. A policemen saying a Negro colonist party was trying to take over The Bahamas. A group of woman led by Jorgina Symonette and others fundraised to raise funds for the PLP. The PLP did not have enough funds to have fish fries, grocery baskets, free liquor and parties to try and bribe the people like the Bay Street Boys did. The PLP would pass around hats at meetings to try to raise funds but it was not enough.The Bay Street Boys gave out free money to the people for their votes. They would tear the money in half and give half before the election and the other after if they voted freely. On election eve the white candidate fo r Grand Bahama from the UBP paid the black candidate 1000 pounds to drop out. In the 1965 election 6 PLP candidates were elected. They were Sir. Lynden Pindling, Randol Fawkes, Samuel Isaacs, Sir. Milo Butler, Cyril Stevenson and Clarence Bain; they were called the magnificent six. In 1958 a dispute broke out over the carrying of visitors from the new Nassau airport at Windsor field.Tour companies had been formed by the Bay Street Boys edging out the Taxi drivers. On January 12 1958 there was a strike that broke that was very dramatic and successful. On November 1st 1957 the taxi cab union under the leadership of Sir, Clifford Darling and others blocked all traffic to and from Nassau’s international airport for hours while the commissioner officers looked on helplessly. Struggle To achieve Majority Rule On January 13 1958, every hotel and business was closed down completely. The PLP led a boycott along Bay Street. The workers went on strike and cried out â€Å"Not a sweat un til our demands are met†.On January 19, 1959 Doris Johnson had asked to address the House of Assembly and lead a group of woman to declare to vote. They were denied sir Stafford Sands by him saying â€Å"over his dead body’. On July 31 1961 the grant of the Woman’s Suffrage Movement was passed and women were able to vote. The PLP government began the dynamic thrust for educational change in The Bahamas by making secondary education available to all Bahamians in 1967. This was key to removing the scales of ignorance from eyes of a people through a massive commitment to educate.The late Sir Cecil Wallace Whitfield, one of the members of the first majority rule Cabinet, was given the task to improve and Bahamianize the educational system. Huge capital expenditures were made to multiply and upgrade primary and secondary schools, to institute technical education and train new Bahamian teachers. The government’s White Paper on Education provided for the impleme ntation of broad parameter involving teachers, parents and students, and was supportive of the high ideals with the government advocated – self-help, equality, the dignity of labour and service responsibility and co-operation.The establishment of the PLP government also brought about a new outlook on economic development. The objective was directed towards opening up greater economic and social opportunities for the citizens of The Bahamas and for greater flexibility of the economy. One of the major battles to achieve this objective was making Freeport Grand Bahama, safe and desirable for all Bahamians. During the 1970s, the PLP government launched the â€Å"Social Revolution,† which included the introduction of the National Insurance Scheme, a system of social security, which is continuing with a massive low cost housing programme.The PLP government also moved to improve the delivery of health care by adding an extension to the Princess Margaret Hospital, upgrading an d building new polyclinics throughout New Providence and the Family Islands. On April 27th 1965 was Black Tuesday. A crowd of PLP supporters lead by the PLP chairman marched from Windsor Park to Bay Street and assembled in the front of the House of Assembly. Inside the House the PLP members lead by Pindling strongly opposed the revision of the bounties draft order. He advocated a national registration of voters.Outside the House of Assembly the PLP supporters cried out â€Å"Amend, Amend â€Å", â€Å"Shame and Scandal in The House†. Sir Lynden, then Leader of the Opposition, during the heated debate over the issue of boundaries but in a carefully orchestrated move got up and threw the Mace, the Speaker’s symbol of authority, out of the window of the House of Assembly. He declared â€Å"The authority of this Island belongs to the people â€Å"and threw the mace out of the window. â€Å"Yes, people outside and mace belongs outside to. † He shouted. After that Sir Milo Butler got up and threw the two hour glass that were used to time to speakers out of the window.The UPB watched surprisingly. Sir Lynden Pindling then led the crowd singing the song â€Å"We Shall Overcome†. ACHIEVEING Majority Rule An election was then called on January 10th, 1967. This was because in the Bible in the book of Exodus the Lord said he will free the children of Egypt on the tenth day of the first month. January 10th, 1967 was neither an end nor even a beginning. Instead, it was an important milestone in a journey that was begun centuries ago when some anonymous slave struck a blow for freedom for the first time. We pause to pay homage to the personalities and players in this epic struggle.In a hard fought and competitive election in 1967, the PLP delivered the following 18 members to a 38-member House of Assembly. They were: Lynden Pindling, Preston Albury, Clarence Bain, Milo Butler, Clifford Darling, Elwood Donaldson, Arthur Foulkes, Carlton Francis , Arthur Hanna, Warren Levarity, Curtis MacMillan, Uriah McPhee, Maurice Moore, Edmund Moxey, Jimmy Shepherd, George Thompson, Jeffrey Thompson and Cecil Wallace Whitfield. Randol Fawkes who successfully ran as Labour in 1962 and 1967 with the support of the PLP threw his support behind the PLP and became a member of the first Majority Rule cabinet.He figured prominently in the movement toward Majority Rule. Successful Independent candidate Sir Alvin Braynen threw in his lot with the PLP and accepted the post of Speaker of the House. These two warriors for justice and freedom tipped the proverbial scale in favour of the PLP and the first Majority Rule cabinet was formed: This distinguished group consisted of Cecil Wallace-Whitfield, Milo Butler, Arthur Hanna, Clarence Bain, Jeffrey Thompson, Carlton Francis, Randol Fawkes, Warren Levarity, Curtis McMillan, Clement T. Maynard and Lynden Pindling.

The Welcome Table by Alice Walker Essay Essays

The Welcome Table by Alice Walker Essay Essays The Welcome Table by Alice Walker Essay Paper The Welcome Table by Alice Walker Essay Paper The Welcome Table is a short narrative written by Alice Walker. It is written in 3rd individual point of position. â€Å"The all-knowing technique is used in this narrative and is peculiarly effectual in leting the reader to understand the old woman’s quandary and how she. and others. dealt with it† ( Clugston. 2010 ) . In this essay. I will explicate the significance of this narrative every bit good as the worlds to racism and hatred. The narrative begins by depicting the aged Afro-american adult female. She was dressed in her Sunday church apparels that was old and falling apart. She had an old bouquet pinned to her frock. The places she wore were high-heeled and polished. A silk scarf was used as a hair-band which was greasy from her greasy pig-tails. Her elderly eyes were blue-brown in colour and were about unsighted. She was thin but old and wrinkled. Her tegument was ash-grey. After walking many stat mis. she came upon a church. It was a white people’s church. She had walked entirely to the large church. After walking a half a stat mi to the church. she was sweaty and clammy. She stopped on the stairss of the church to rest before traveling interior. When she went into the church. the clergyman stopped her. She brushed passed him and sat on the back bench. It was cold outside and close approximately merely as cold inside the church. She sat there shuddering from cold as everyone noticed as they went to sit up forepart. While everyone stared at her as if she was a piece of refuse. she sat at that place softly. Some people spoke rough words while others remained soundless or felt sorry for her. Her visual aspect made some of the white people think of cooks. amahs. and kept womans. Other people saw jungle binges or â€Å"riotous nihilists plundering and ravishing in the streets† ( Clugston. 2010 ) . Many thought Christian worship and the Holy Church was traveling to stop. They saw an invasion of their privateness to idolize. It made them ferocious as she sat there disregarding them. The Ussher called her â€Å"grandma† and told her that she should go forth but she told him courteously to â€Å"go away† . Finally. the white ladies made their hubbies throw her out of the church. â€Å"Could their hubbies expect them to sit up in church with that? † ( Clugston. 2010 ) . They referred to her every bit â€Å"that† as if she was an animate being or rubbish. After acquiring her threw out of the church. the married womans felt justified and the fold started holding church as they usually would. Outside. on the church stairss. the hapless old adult female looked about as if in daze. She went back to vocalizing in her caput as she was before they threw her out. but this clip it was a sad vocal. As she looked down the main road. she saw something astonishing approaching towards her. The frail old lady began to express joy and leap in joy. She saw Jesus walking in her way. She mentions that he looked precisely like a image she had stolen from a white lady’s Bible and hoped that he did non cognize she had stolen it. She waved her weaponries madly. afraid that he might lose her. When Jesus got near to her. he asked her to â€Å"follow me† . As they walked. she told him past narratives of her life and how she cooked. cleaned. and nursed the white people. She besides told him of how they threw her from their church. As they were walking. she would sing from clip to clip. It seemed as if they were walking everlastingly. None of the church people knew what had become of the old lady until subsequently when they heard that an old black lady was found dead on the side of the route. As she had walked along the main road. many people saw her speaking and doing manus motions as if she was speaking to person. But. being that they saw no 1 other than her. they thought she had lost her head. What they did non see was that Jesus was taking one of his soldiers place and she was speaking to him. This narrative is a perfect illustration of racism and hatred. It shows how many white people treated African-Americans. It is flooring to me that one human-being can handle another human-being with so much disfavor and hatred. We are all God’s animals and we should handle everyone with love as Jesus would. MentionsClugston. Wayne R. ( 2010 ) . Journey into Literature. San Diego. Calcium: Bridgepoint Education. Inc. Walker. A. ( 2003 ) . THE WELCOME TABLE. Literary Cavalcade. 55 ( 5 ) . 32.

Why Today essays

Why Today essays In today's society, the youth of America and Mainstream entertainment have been getting into a lot of trouble. Between the recent high school shootings, the highest rate of single teenage mothers in 20 years, and overflowing juvenile prisons, the media has been having a ball making billions off of the misfortune of America's youth. As a result, the media has been pinning the blame on the Entertainment industry. While it is true that the corporate music, movie, and video game industries do have a strong manipulative power over teenagers, I do not think that these corporations are capable of convincing the youth to murder, have promiscuous sex, or abuse drugs. However, with the mainstream media making kids look like violent drug addicts and reckless thieves, perhaps the media is forcing the youth into a self-fulfilling prophecy. It has been said before that the media preys on the misfortune of others to sell more newspapers or to get more viewers on their 10 O' clock new shows, and it would be hard for anyone to disagree with that statement. The only thing is that today, they are doing so by taking youth cultures and making them appear to be violent gangs. The truth is, most kids are simply trying to have fun, and no different, or more harmful than that of the youth of yesterday was. Since kids have more recently (and more consecutively) been arrested for this stuff, the news casters are desperately seeking answers as to why kids are doing this. They care, because if they have answers, then concerned parents are willing to listen. That includes potential customers of the advertisers. Since the broadcasters need quick answers, they resort to pointing their finger at the Entertainment industry. They say that rap and heavy metal are causing kids to take drugs and commit violent acts because often times they artists gloat about doing such things. While this is true, there must be something that inspires teens to listen to this. Perhaps they ...

Horizontal Violence in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Horizontal Violence in Nursing - Essay Example Although many healthcare stakeholders are aware of rampant horizontal violence, many of them are oblivious of its extent. Ditmer (2010) provides an overview of the scope of horizontal violence among nurses, establishing that â€Å"75%† of nurses have experienced aggression, harassment and bullying during their careers. To further exacerbate such grim statistics, majority of such acts go unreported. Besides, such horizontal violence may not be interfered with a reported â€Å"40%† of leaders remaining passive or quiet when witnessing such acts (Ditmer, 2010). Several explanations have been provided for the cause and nature of horizontal violence. In certain situations conflict within the group arises and horizontal violence is a symptom of an underlying problem. The ultimate result is that horizontal violence persists in the nursing workplace and the individual nurses learn it as an expected behavior, being oblivious that it should not be part of their culture. As a resu lt the nurses are vilified for this and develop a low self-esteem, such that by the time they enter the nursing practice they are already negatively socialized to certain submissive roles. Horizontal violence such as â€Å"disruptive and unprofessional behavior† is allowed to enter due to two factors; through acts of omission; and new nurses’ deficient of formal instruction to handle conflicts and assert their rights. In the former case, it is noted that failure of the management to act even after observing manifestations of horizontal violence contributes to its pervading and perception as part of normal culture in nursing practice. In the latter case, new graduate nurses are observed to lack the necessary skills to deal with being victims of horizontal violence. Some of them also... This essay approves that further analysis will be through correlating data for the day and night shifts as well as registered nurses and technical nurses. Correlations will also be done according to age category of nurses in the work place: baby boomers, generation X and generation Y, with the view of establishing which group is most affected by horizontal violence since it is appreciated that generational differences exist in terms of how these groups act and react in the workplace. This report makes a conclusion that Horizontal violence is a widespread and pertinent issue despite being addressed by legal and healthcare policies. Literature is indicative that it is the result of powerlessness and marginalization of nurses at the workplace accompanied by laxity or disregard of its impact by the management. It has very serious consequences on the individual nurse and quality of patient care availed besides translating into massive losses whenever nurses quit the field. On an institutional level, it is argued that horizontal violence contributes to poor retention. Research evidence for this is limited, and thus justifies an inquiry into it. This study develops a correlational research design to be used to study whether there is a link between horizontal violence among nurses and hospital nurse retention in two medical-surgery units. A horizontal violence measuring tool whose reliability and validity has been tested is proposed for use in data collection after assur ing participant protection through the IRB and hospital management.

Pictorialism and Modernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pictorialism and Modernism - Essay Example The essay "Pictorialism and Modernism" compares pictorialism with modernism. The availability of printmaking machinery and materials that were previously reserved for illustration and reproduction allowed the artists to venture into the new artistic era. This led photographers to experiment their divergent techniques, which included the documentary style that involved capturing memorable events and representing them in documentaries. The era of documentary photography raised the need to respect people as humans rather than stereotypic images that had less resemblance to the represented being. This gave rise to the era of modernism, which made a large leap from the previous documentary photography. Therefore, it was during the pictorialism era that real artistic work could be accurately represented, and this was the era that revolution in artistic work was achieved. However, due to the closeness between the two artistic works, pictorialism may be argued to be a modernism approach to p hotography with the feelings of the artist embraced in the art work. Rocco argues that the era of photography dates back to 1888 when George Eastman introduced the first Kodak camera and this changed photography to the better since then. The first camera made photography to be available for the common man in the street, instead of being a preserve of a few artists. This intervention of the camera greatly reduced the apparatus used in films, and was available to many casual amateurs with no particular training.